Effective Financial Policy and Procedures

Effective Financial Policies And Procedures Effective Financial Policies and Procedures Medical practices establish financial policies and procedures to control patient billing and the ability to collect money for services they provide. Successful billing practices start with thorough financial policies and procedures which explain patients’ payment responsibilities in terms that are easily understood. An effective medical office financial policy is one that both staff members and practice patients can easily follow and understand. Patients need to understand their obligations and staff members need to know what is expected of the patients. All possible situations should be addressed by a good financial policy. This includes financial arrangements and payment plans, payments for services not covered by the insurance company, and a variety of other circumstances. The basic elements of an effective policy should inform patients how particular situations will be handled. Collection of a patient’s copayment, deductibles and any past-due balances should be addressed; as should payment for services that are not covered by a patient’s insurance company. An effective policy should address how a practice handles prepayment for services they will provide and also any possibility for payment arrangements of unpaid balances on a patient’s account. If a practice offers charity care or discounts to patients with low incomes/financial need it should be stated in the financial policy. Finally, a practice’s financial policy should state their accepted forms of payment such as cash, checks, money orders, and credit or debit cards. Clear medical office procedures that are consistently followed by staff members help support the office’s financial policy. When administrative staff members collect appropriate copayments and other fees as stated in the financial policy, they are helping to support the policy. When staff members become lax in their collection duties and neglect to follow established office†¦

Speech ananysis

Communications Workshop: Evaluating a Speech Speech Analysis Worksheet Content Purpose: Speaker's background knowledge: the purpose of this speech Is to rally hope for the citizens of Berlin. Influences (traditional, cultural, historical): JEFF is a historical influence. Listener's background knowledge: I do not have much back ground knowledge upon listening to this speech. Delivery: Repeated words: 1. Berlin 2. Let 3. Them 4. Come 5. Beyond Emphasized words/phrases: 1 .There are some who say in Europe and elsewhere we can work with the Communists. Let them come to Berlin 2. â€Å"There are some who say communism is the wave of the future, let them come to Berlin† 3. â€Å"All free men, wherever they may live, are citizens of Berlin, and, therefore, as a free man, I take pride In the words â€Å"ICC bin nine Berliner†. 4. â€Å"ICC bin nine Berliners 5. † Freedom is indivisible, and when one man is enslaved, all are not free† Tone: the tone of this speech is firm well thoughtWord choice (positive or negative language): positive, JEFF wants to give the people hope. Rate of speech (fast, moderate, slow): Moderate, although the rate increases when he is short on breath. Appropriateness for audience, subject, occasion: yes, I believe so because it has no vulgar language and the occasion and topic of this speech is rather inspiring. Eye contact: moderate, looking around a lot. Facial expressions: he looks determined throughout the speech.Gestures: hand gestures Pauses: yes, to make his speech more meaningful and dramatic. Increases or decreases in speaking volume: no not really, it is at the same volume throughout the whole speech. Overall Impression Speaker: I think JEFF was a brilliant speaker. His word choice is incredible. The way he produces this speech is amazing. Speech: I think the speech is understandable and very clear and it inspired many people and gave them hope as it was intended to do.

Change On Food Production Environmental Sciences Essay

Change On Food Production Environmental Sciences Essay Agriculture is highly dependent on specific climate conditions. Moderate warming and appropriate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may help plants to grow faster. But more severe climate change such as global warming, floods, drought, and hail may reduce yields. According the survey, from 1981 to 1990, the average global temperature has increased 0.48  °C than 100 years ago. If greenhouse gas emissions continue the warming will also continue, with temperatures projected to increase by 1.4  °C to 5.8  °C between 1990 and 2100. (Richardson et al. 2011) Increases in temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) can be beneficial for some crops in some places. But to realize these benefits, nutrient levels, soil moisture, water availability, and other conditions must also be met. Higher CO2 levels can increase yields. The yields for some crops, like wheat and soybeans, could increase by 30% or more under a doubling of CO2 concentrations. The yields for other crops, such as corn, exhibit a m uch smaller response (less than 10% increase). However, some factors may counteract these potential increases in yield. For example, if temperature exceeds a crop’s optimal level or if sufficient water and nutrients are not available, yield increases may be reduced or reversed. Crops grown in the United States are critical for the food supply here and around the world. U.S. exports supply more than 30% of all wheat, corn, and rice on the global market. Changes in temperature, amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the frequency and intensity of extreme weather could have significant impacts on crop yields. Warmer temperatures may make many crops grow more quickly, but warmer temperatures could also reduce yields. Crops tend to grow faster in warmer conditions. However, for some crops (such as grains), faster growth reduces the amount of time that seeds have to grow and mature. This can reduce yields (i.e., the amount of crop produced from a given amount of land). (EPA 2012) All the problem need to have fast and effective ways to be solve well. In the text will talk other country use what solution to decrease the damage and to protect the crop. Global warming has a serious impact on agricultural production, according to the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) research report pointed out the vulnerability of agriculture to climate warming performance of consumption in the world’s largest of several major varieties of grain, wheat, cereal, corn and rice are particularly sensitive to high temperature, decreased production will cause food shortages. (CGIAR 2012) World Agro forestry Centre chief ecologist Dr. Lewis à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Will Carter report pointed out that the impact of climate change on agriculture in developing countries, for example, China’s agricultural production, the main crops are rice, wheat and corn, warming irrigated and rain-fed spring wheat production decreased by 17.7% and 31.4%, respectively, th e average corn production will cut 3% -7%; (Chiras 2012) warming will accelerate microbial decomposition of soil organic matter, resulting in the decline of soil fertility, implementation of the pesticide will increase and extend the crop growing season, so that not only increase agricultural costs, and affect the safety of the food. (Cline 2007)

Life Coaching for Adolescents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Life Coaching for Adolescents - Essay Example On the other hand, life coaching empowers them to be strong enough to lay a solid foundation for their future races at this crucial period. Today's adolescents face a vast array of problems and difficulties in the areas of education, career, income, relationships, and personality etc. Teenagers tend to change the focus of their attention from education to many other temporal attractions and preoccupations for a number of reasons, which are complex and interrelated. A trained, professional practitioner of life coaching could help an adolescent to regain his/her focus on education through the guided coordination between educators, parents and other well-wishers. Once they become successful attaining good educational status, achieving a great career would not at all be an issue. Importantly, life coaching takes special care of adolescents' social relations for making him/her both a successful person and a good human being. Therefore, adolescents would be physically and mentally fit to avoid the temptations of substance use, gangster life and other related social evils. Even the adolescents with strong tendencies to deviate from the socially acceptable patterns of behavior could be directed to the right track through proper life coaching. To conclude, life coaching is not only individually empowering a person by identifying and developing his/her particular skills but also making him/her to become role model with fascinating social skills for the entire society. Life coaching is to enable an adolescent to synthesize between the virtues of both personal and social life. The one-sided, one-dimensional emphasis on either personal or social life would not help one to achieve his/her goals. In brief, one finds strength to go where s/he wants to be from where s/he is in as s/he undergoes life coaching from a trained professional. Life Coaching for Adolescents; Adolescents for Greater Success The statistics on teenagers tells that they face problems on problems in all the spheres of life. They are under pressure from around the corners. A good number of high school leaving children are unhappy or dissatisfied in their lives. Many a students have suicide tendencies or actual history of attempting suicide. Too many of them are not balanced in their attitudes and behaviors. Too many problems such as alcohol abuse, substance use, depression, bipolar disorder, stress, humiliation from social life, chaotic personal life, and lost dreams haunt the adolescents at their crucial but difficult stage of life. Many of them are in a dilemma; what is to be prioritized- personal life or social life. Certainly, adolescents need help and assistance that is professional and genuine from an authentic source. A professional life coaching trainer is one who could be relied to find a way out when no way out is apparent. Primarily, life coaching helps an adolescent with difficulties for self-exploration. Self-exploration enables one to bring out what is content in him/her. Based on this self-realization, one could pace for what s/he wants to attain in life and gain what deemed as unachievable in both personal and social life. The coach would support the youth to identify their strengths and weaknesses and help them to identify various opportunities while nullifying the possible threats. A life coach could work as a catalyst

Right ingredients for a successful M&A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Right ingredients for a successful M&A - Essay Example Factors such as shifting market dynamics from US to Emerging Markets, rising healthcare demand due to ageing population, regulatory and government changes due to economic environment and patent expiration of blockbuster drugs and the failure of R&D have led companies to restructure, grow inorganically and contain costs. Rationale behind M&A in Pharma There are a number of reasons behind which organizations merge or aquire each other, the most presiding one is accelerating growth. Pharma industry has some unique growth drivers that lead the companies to grow inorganically rather in the conventional way. The key drivers of M&A growth in the pharmaceutical industries are: 1. R&D Productivity: The pharmaceutical industry is research-intensive industry, with an average R&D to sales ratio as high as 18%, compared to 4% for US manufacturing industry overall (Pharmaceutical Researchers and Manufacturers of America, 2011). The R&D process is expensive costing $1.3bn in average (Grabowski, 200 7) time-consuming (12-15 years) and highly risky in their outcomes. Hence, by joining the research expertise of the two companies, M&As can profoundly improve the research performance of the firms involved. 2. Pipeline growth: An important investing criterion in pharma firms is evaluating company’s drug pipeline. Inspite of the exorbitant R&D spend, drug pipelines of companies are quite barren, especially the late?stage pipelines. Hence it is imperative for the Pharma companies to look outside in order to fill their pipelines. 3. Search for Blockbusters: Blockbusters, defined as brands with annual sales in excess of $1 billion, continue to drive growth. Pharma companies constantly search for blockbuster drug molecules such as Eli Lily’s Prozac or Pfizer’s Lipitor to boast their... Right ingredients for a successful M&A There are a number of reasons behind which organizations merge or aquire each other, the most presiding one is accelerating growth. Pharma industry has some unique growth drivers that lead the companies to grow inorganically rather in the conventional way. The key drivers of M&A growth in the pharmaceutical industries are: R&D Productivity: The pharmaceutical industry is research-intensive industry, with an average R&D to sales ratio as high as 18%, compared to 4% for US manufacturing industry overall.The R&D process is expensive costing $1.3bn in average time-consuming and highly risky in their outcomes. Hence, by joining the research expertise of the two companies, M&As can profoundly improve the research performance of the firms involved. Pipeline growth: An important investing criterion in pharma firms is evaluating company’s drug pipeline. In spite of the exorbitant R&D spend, drug pipelines of companies are quite barren, especially the late†¨stage pipelines. Hence it is imperative for the Pharma companies to look outside in order to fill their pipelines. Blockbusters, defined as brands with annual sales in excess of $1 billion, continue to drive growth. Pharma companies constantly search for blockbuster drug molecules such as Eli Lily’s Prozac or Pfizer’s Lipitor to boast their top lines. The period for which the patented drug can be masrketed is effectively 4-5 years after which the patent owning company loses its exclusivity to market and sell the drug.

Max Weber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Max Weber - Essay Example (Kilcullen, 1996) This important belief is said to have made the Calvinists quite anxious about their Salvation, and this led to the fact that they attempted to console themselves and get rid of their anxiety by making concerted attempts to succeed in all their economic and other undertakings. The widespread belief may have been that God would quite naturally demonstrate his favor by bestowing prosperity and wealth on the various enterprises and undertakings of the elect. In addition, no Calvinist believed in self indulgence, and this meant that all the finances generated and raised by their present undertakings would perforce be put back into future undertakings, or 'callings' as they were referred to, both by the employer as well as by the employee. The small reward that they expected was a mere earthly one, but this was sufficient for the Calvinist. (Kilcullen, 1996) It was also Max Weber's opinion that Protestant doctrines believed in the fact that men must accept a humbler sort of station in their lives, and that they must devote their energies into performing mundane tasks and duties. Weber also believed that since there was no hierarchical Church structure present, it meant that there would be no episodes of upward mobility and a need for acquisition. however, it was because of the 'work and save' ethic that was being followed by these people that the phenomenon of 'Capitalism' was brought into the picture, and since there is absolutely no doubt that a dedication and a devotion and a deep commitment towards one's work would inevitably bring forth the desired productivity, especially on the part of the Calvinists, who believed in the dedication to one's own 'beruf', or duty, or calling. (Max Weber, 1864 to 1920) It is widely acknowledged everywhere that Max Weber had an ingrained concept of 'rationality and rationalism' in all his works, and according to Rogers Brubaker, it was veritably a 'great unifying theme' in his work, even though it has been stated by some others that the concept was at times 'evasive'. It was Weber's opinion that the very history of 'rationalism' has revealed that it does not follow any type of parallel lines in life in general, and also that the very idea of rationality is both multi directional and multi dimensional. Rationality was, for Weber, the manifestation of individual freedoms, and also another meaning for conceptual lucidity, among various other meanings. (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) According to Max Weber, sociology as such meant that it was nothing but a 'comprehensive science of social action', and it must be also noted that most of Max Weber's ideals stem from the idea that human beings attach a great many subjective meanings to all their manifold actions and interactions within any specific social context. Therefore, in this context, rationality means that most human beings restlessly strive for a goal, which in itself may not be rational, but for which most people strive through rational means. As most people have diverse numbers of motivational factors, it would mean that most human behavior as such is caused by a mixture of all these motivations. This was in

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) Research Paper

The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) - Research Paper Example The Mexican-American war was declared by America on May 13, 1846. The war was generated by the United States’ annexation of Texas whose border was a matter of dispute between the two nations. By the time the war ended on February 2, 1848, the United states owned 500,000 square miles of Mexican territory . From the start, the subject of acquiring land being the main motive behind the war was a cause of dispute among many political parties of the United States and this caused political divisions in the nation. The Democratic Party members strongly supported the war as they were in favour of rapid territorial expansion beyond the borders of America. The northern parties did not favour such rapid expansion and they strongly opposed the war. These parties were concerned over how much Texan land to acquire because slavery was in practice in southern Mexico and this portion of the land was inhabited by a large number of Mexican population. The Whigs political party opposed the war be cause they were against such agenda of acquisition of more land; they favored slow territorial expansion and wanted to limit the encouragement of the practice of slavery. They also did not favor Mexicans as part of the United States population. Berhardt in his article focused on the press coverage of such difference of opinions among the political parties and how they shaped the war. J.G. Bennett’s New York Herald supported the views of the Southern Democrats of capturing the entire land of Mexico as it would raise the practice of slavery

Qualitative Methodology Review of Australian Homeless Essay

Qualitative Methodology Review of Australian Homeless - Essay Example This paper will discuss the meaning of homelessness, its implication and importance of understanding homelessness. It will also explore and analyse the different research methods used and how the research was approached focussing on the choice of research method and why the method was used. It will try to identify the data collection and analysis used. This paper will try to identify why and how the chosen methods were effective. It will also try to point out the themes, language and focus arguments involving homelessness sin Australia. Homelessness, according to Robinson (2003) means lack of belonging which has grown into a significant social issue. Homelessness can be attributed to the status of an individual, from children to elderly population in a given territory or location with regards to shelter. An individual may be temporarily homeless or can be homeless for a long time. Those who are considered homeless in a temporary manner are the stowaways or teens who ran away from home due to family problems. They may be couch-surfing with friends’ homes. There are also young adults who may be temporarily homeless due to partner problems. In a report prepared by Homelessness Australia, it was estimated that about 105,000 people are homeless across Australia. It was suggested by the report that about 7,483 families with children are without home among them. More striking about the report was that about 12,133 are children or ages 12 or below. About 1 in 39 children under 5 years of age were provided homeless service the previous year. About 27.2 percent are Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander children, but the report also cited that 2 in 3 children are turned away for homeless services (Homelessness Australia, 2010). The Council to Homeless Persons presented several reasons why individuals become homeless including youths aged 12 to 24. Reasons include the breakdown of the family or a relationship,

Sports in the 1940s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports in the 1940s - Essay Example This paper discusses sports in the 1940s in regard to the life and career of one of the black athletes of that era, Joe Louis. In the 1940s, boxing was as big as other sporting activities like baseball. Due to the advancement of television technology, a huge number of fans were able to watch boxing/fights at their homes. Joe Louis was among the famous and boxing legends that started their boxing career during this decade. Just like the other players, boxing players were not over drafted including Jack, Louis, and Montgomery (Lindop & Goldstein, 2010). Louis held the boxing title since the year 1937 to 1949 before he was knocked by Robinson. Born in the year 1914 in Alabama, Joe Louis succeeded to become one of the heavyweight boxers in the world. Due to the poor financial status of his family, Joe Louis was less educated and involved himself with old jobs to help his parents and siblings. Afterwards, Louis gained interest towards cabinet making career. He temporarily attended Bronson Vocational School and during off-times, he could join violin lessons. Later on, a friend of Joe Louis suggested that he should try boxing. Joe Louis did not become an immediate success and he was defeated continuously in his first fights due to his lightweight (Freedman, 2013). In the year 1934, Louis won the national AAUL (Amateur Athletic Union light-heavyweight) title and terminated his amateur career astonishing fort three knockouts in fifty four matches. During his career, Louis defeated six subsequent or previous heavyweight champions: Max Baer, Primo Carnera, James J. Braddock, Jack Sharkey, Kersey Joe Walcott, and Max Schmeling. Louis who was nicknamed Brown Bomber achieved the world’s heavyweight champion by knocking down Braddock in the year 1937 and held this title until the year 1949. When the United States began its war with German in the year 1941,

A Stakeholder Perspective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Stakeholder Perspective - Essay Example Since the technology was invented it has been faced with numerous debates some challenging its legitimacy while other proposing for its implementation due to the benefits that come along it (Young). Statistics from WTP indicate t there are close to one hundred strains of genetically modified organism that have be developed so far with approximately forty of them being implemented in the farms for large scale production purposes (Weirich). Despite the strong opposition that have marred the implementation of genetically modified organisms in a number of countries across the world these organisms have numerous of advantages to various stakeholders in the agricultural sector (Koch and Bjarte). For instance, the strains that are genetically modified are often resistant to pests and diseases; they depict tolerance to drought and herbicides at the same time they have enhanced nutritional enrichment as compared to the traditional crops. Despite this advantages a number of arguments have been advanced regarding genetically modified organisms ranging from their safety to if elaborate legislation measures have been put in place to regulate their use and distribution (Consumers Food Safety and Environment) This paper will be arguing on the genetically modified organism debate from a farmer’s perspective based in Ghana. Ghana is a third world country based in Africa and thus it is classified among the group of developing countries that face economic and food security problems over time. Farming in third world countries like Ghana is not sophisticated in terms of farm machinery and thus most of the farming is done for substance purposes (Koch and Bjarte). Commercial farming is done on a small scale by organizations which can afford to implement mechanization in the firms in terms of buying the expensive machines that are required to implement large-scale production of crops as well as the farm inputs that are required

Compare and contrast essay Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast essay Essay Brown Brothers; How Negative Stereotypes Affect Polynesian And Maori In New Zealand My demographic is: high school cleaning ladies, fast food burger-making, factory boxpacking, rubbish truck drivers, bus drivers, taxi drivers, sober drivers and living off the pension joy riders — I am a dropout. These are all ideas raised and challenged by Joshua Iosefos 2011 viral speech, Brown Brother. Brown Brother is one of three texts that will be examined, compared and contrasted in this essay. The second text, Manurewa, is a short film based on the South Auckland murder of Navtej Singh, a liquor shop owner. The third text is Fish Heads, a short story written by Aparina Taylor, that focuses on a group of Maori boys who live in the city. The media is a huge culprit for the negative stereotyping that has been brought upon pacifica people. Brown people are more than what they are portrayed to be through media. Films such as Manurewa reinforce many of the negative stereotypes that have been brought upon Pacific people. The stereotype of brown people is a negative one, one of unemployment, one of crime, one of violence. In Manurewa each one of these stereotypes were portrayed. The men in the short film were all unemployed, all committed crime and all showed violence. â€Å"Bro Town, Sione’s Wedding, and do I have to mention the GC? Now I dont mean to condescend I mean these shows are great, dont get me wrong but can anyone explain: will there ever be a time when our representation goes deeper than putting our own people to shame?† Joshua Iosefo, in his Brown Brother speech, spoke about this issue – how the media represents brown people in a negative light. He highlights how these types of shows create and enforce the stereotypes that brown people now have to live by. While these shows are meant to entertain, this negative reinforcement only show the bad side of Polynesian and Maori people. One of the major themes of the film Manurewa is about people being trapped by low expectations and invisible boundaries. People can become trapped from attaining success, trapped from fulfilling their potential, and trapped from being heard. The message in the film Manurewa is that not all brown  people are bad, but the expectations that their stereotypes have created for them along with the people that they are surrounded with often leads to them making horrific mistakes. In this true story, a good person has been surrounded with unemployed, violent people and ultimately ends up committing a murder. In the beginning of the film the boy shows that he does have love and passion in his heart through feeding and nurturing the horse. After the murder the three older men are happy and excited but the boy was completely distressed about what he had done. These two scenes clearly show that the boy is a good person who simply made a bad mistakes because of the people that he was surrounded by. When Joshua Iosefo performed Brown Brother at the Tedx conference, he explained how brown people are trapped because of expectations, and surroundings. Meaning that the expectations that have been set from the stereotypes as well as the people that they are surrounded by impact greatly and almost trap brown people from success. He used a box as an example, where he explained that each side of the box needs to be kicked down in order for Maori and Polynesian people to succeed. People need to make the change themselves through their own actions. Brown people need to stop being what the stereotypes expects them to be and need to start proving that they are better than the stereotype. In the short story, Fish Heads the Maori boys are short of money but they do not let this stop them. All four boys are employed, they all work for the little money that they have and they show that there is no reason to live the way that the stereotype expects them to live. They are not violent, they do not commit crimes and they do not drink alcohol excessively. They respect people and they are happy living a simple wholesome life. Similarly, Joshua Iosefo talks about beating the stereotype, about standing up and showing that you are better than the stereotype. â€Å"You can do all things through Christ, Philippians 4:13. You are more than capable. And I don’t say that just to make you feel better, I say that because I know. Cause your creator told me to tell you so. Yo u will go places, you will tell stories, so do not feel afraid or alone for your God and your family and your home will forever be inside the marrow of your bones. So do not fret, do not regret. For where you go, you take us with you. Brown brother, do not be afraid to be the first, the first to graduate, the first to climb, the first prime minister,  or the first good wife — brown brother, do not be afraid to be the change. Not in skin tone or colour, but a change in mindset. From one brown brother, to another†. These are the powerful words that Joshua pointed at people living under the expectations that the stereotype has set for them. This powerful message is aimed st those who have been beaten by the expectations that have been set by the stereotype. The three texts, Manurewa, Brown Brother and Fish Heads clearly illustrate that there are negative stereotypes and low expectations for Polynesians and Maori in New Zealand. These stereotypes can lead people to feel that they are stuck and defined by their stereotype. Joshua Iosefos speech, talked of the stereotype that was his demographic but also said that Polynesians needed to be responsible for overcoming or changing this stereotype. In the film Manurewa, the inability for Isaac to escape from this cycle of negativity lead the once caring teenager to associate with bad people and ultimately lead to him murdering an innocent man. Whereas in contrast, the text Fish Heads showed that if people are r emoved from negative environments and influences, they are able to live in a non-stereotypical way.

Relation between Error in Healthcare prescription and the inconsistency in Technological information Essay Example for Free

Relation between Error in Healthcare prescription and the inconsistency in Technological information Essay Relation between Error in Healthcare prescription and the inconsistency in Technological information Introduction Background Information            A lot of errors are occurring within the healthcare field lately. They are a result of many factors. Among the principle causes of error are related to wrong prescriptions. As indicated by Benjamin (770), one of the elements that is playing a key role ion this is the use of advanced technological methods. Computers have been used to aid in the computerized entry of prescription orders. Depending on the intensity of the prescription, they can result in serious injuries on the patient or even lead to fatality incidences. In turn, they lead to unnecessary court cases and legal suits that eventually cost many healthcare institutions and practitioners a lot of money that is paid to cater for the damages (Carroll 52-8). As such, there is a need to study the main causes of wrong prescription to ensure that such avoidable consequences are kept at their possible minimal rates. The main questions that will be answered in this study include:            What are the most common types of error in healthcare prescriptions?            What kind of information technology is used in the provision of proper prescription?            Are there specific errors that are related to inconsistently provided information in the same prescription order entry? Methodology            In this study, both primary and secondary data collection methods will be employed. It will include the use of surveys for the collection of first-hand information. In this sense questionnaires and interviews from the participants will also be used to gather information for the data. For accuracy and proper validation, these will be combined with secondary sources such as the national health statistics (Wu, Pronovost, Morlock 88). Data analysis            In this study, the..method of data analysis will be used. The method mainly†¦. Findings            Previous research performed on this topic revealed that†¦..Thus, in relation to this study, it was evident that†¦.. Conclusion It is important that the laid down professional ethics are adhered to in different fields. This is especially within the medical field where a slight mistake can lead to            devastating consequences. Therefore, healthcare providers are always obligated to use the knowledge that they acquired in their studies as well as new knowledge and practices appropriately. They should ensure that drugs are prescribed in the most proper ways to avoid errors. In particular, computerized drug entries should be counterchecked to eliminate disparities. However, owing to the continuous change in the nature of disease processes and hence the production of advanced drug formulas, there is need to conduct more research. These will provide more guidance to guarantee safe drug prescription by providers of healthcare services using new technological methods. References Benjamin, D. M. Reducing medication errors and increasing patient safety: case studies inclinical pharmacology. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2003; 43:768–83. Carroll, P. Medication issues: the bigger picture. RN. 2003; 66(1):52–8. Wu, A. W., Pronovost, P., and Morlock, L. ICU incident reporting systems. Journal of Critical Care. 2006; 17(2):86–94 Source document

Dcf Distributed Coordination Function Computer Science Essay

Dcf Distributed Coordination Function Computer Science Essay Fragmentation It is the process used in MAC IEEE 8021.11 to break ­ing apart a packet into smaller pieces. Fragmentation is process that dividing long frame to several shorter frame. Using this technology because the Wireless LANs have high bit error rates. The probability of losing frame is much higher for wireless links. The 802.11 uses fragmentation to reduce the frame error rate. The PCF is supporting sensitivity traffic and support some high priority application. Therefore the real time application data need to transmitted without any delay. The probability of lost frame is much higher for wireless links. Thats why fragmentation is used to Reduces amount of time medium is in use and Reduces probability of collisions. And there some pervious work has been done which related to our title, will be shown in next sections. Acknowledgment: Acknowledgments the patience and support of my family was the biggest help in the completion of this project. And would also like to acknowledge for my supervisor Mr.Manssor Ali and for module tutor Prof. Vallavarj, and module leader Mr. Vijay Krishna, for their guiding. Also, I would like to thank the project coordinator Ms. Pravenna , for encouraging me to complete this work and my study. Nomenclature MAC: Medium Access Control. DCF: Distributed Coordination Function. PCF: Point Coordination Function. AP: Access Point. BSS: Basic Service Set. IBSS: Independent Basic Service Set. ESS: Extend Service Set. RTS: Request To Send. CTS: Clear To Send. ACK: Acknowledgement. OSI: Open System Interconnection. LLC: Logical Link Control. HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol NAV: Network Allocation Vector. DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum. Contents Page Contentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Page No Abstractà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. i Acknowledgementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ii Nomenclatureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..iii Contents pageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..iv List of figuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦v Chapter 1: Introductionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦7 1.1) General Informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..7 1.2) Aim Of the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦7 1.3) Project Objectiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..8 1.4) Honors challengesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.8 Chapter 2: literature Review..9 Backgroundà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..9 IEEE MAC 802.11physical layerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦10 what is Fragmentation.10 Why we are using this Technology.12 The advantages and disadvantages of fragmentation..12 Distributed Coordination function (DCF)13 Fragmentation Operation.14 Point Coordination function (PCF)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..15 Analysis The earliest work in data fragmentation IEEE802.1116 Chapter 3 Literature Review analysis..19 solutions for all above problems.19 Future Work..20 Chapter 4 Research Problem.21 Chapter 5 Design and Experiment Setupà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..22 Chapter 6 Conclusionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.23 Chapter 7 Referencesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.25 List of figures Figure name Page No. Figure (1) Independent Basic Service Set(IBSS)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 11 Figure (2) Infrastructure Basic Service Set à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 11 Figure (3) Fragmentation The RTS/CTS access methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. 13 Figure( 4) MSDU divided into several MPDUà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 14 Figure (5). Combination DCF PCF. 15 Figure (6) The effect of (polling overhead )on network throughput17 Figure (7),Effect of fragmentation. 18 Figure (8), WLAN Setup diagram in OPNETà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. 22 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1) Aim: Study on the effect data fragmentation on the performance of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN under PCF mode.fragmentation used to increase reliability transmit frame by divide 802.11 frames into smaller pieces (fragments) that are sent separately to the destination. 1.2) The objectives in this paper will be as follows: 1)The first objective in this paper will be understand the Theory and different standards of IEEE 802.11. 2)To understand the what are structure of the wireless network 3)To evaluate and analyse the effect data fragmentation on the performance of IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN under PCF mode. )Selection for suitable simulation tool4 5)To design suitable WALN with appropriate settings 6)Study the critical evaluation of the result. 1.3) Honours challenge: Critical analysis and evaluation of the results. Experimental Investigation of existing work. 1.4) General Information: The motivation i select this project title , is because in my organization they are looking for wireless network technology ,which can provide such applications like for delivering traffic for real-time applications such as Voice and data . Therefore IEEE 802.11 under point coordinate function PCF can satisfy the requirement, we will see that later. wireless local area network (WLAN), make people on the move to communicate with anyone and anywhere at anytime Caledonian college is one best example which is providing wireless service inside the college camps which allows the student to share data and web brows. The IEEE 802.11 WLAN has two different type of method channel accessing ,the distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF). DCF is based on the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) mechanism, while PCF is based on using the polling technique. The DCF mode of operation consists of two techniques for packet transmission. In the default its operate as a two-way handshaking technique where a positive acknowledgment is transmitted by the receiver station. (Stallings, 2007) . Fragmentation It is the process of break ­ing apart a packet into smaller pieces. A source (wireless Network Interface Card or access point) uses for fragmentation is to divide 802.11 frames into smaller pieces (fragments) that are sent separately to the destination. The fragments are all marked in a way that allows the destination device to put them back together again after it gets all the fragments. 1.5)The some of earliest work in data fragmentation IEEE802.11: Dynamic Fragmentation Scheme fro Rate -Adaptive WLAN.[7] Improving the Aggregate Throughput of Access Points in IEEE802.11Wireless LANs[26]. Performance Analysis of Packetized Voice Transmission with PCF in IEEE802.11Wirelessnetwork.[27] Delay Analysis of IEEE 802.11 PCF MAC based Wireless vetworks.[28] Performance Evaluation of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Standards [6]. Performance Enhancement of Wireless Local Networks. [20] Chapter 2 Literature Review Before we will go in depth of our title on data fragmentation under PCF mode , we must understand The basic building block of the WLAN network in IEEE 802.11., And our first objective will be covered in this section. 2.1) Background: In this section we will be discussing about wireless local area network (WLAN), which make people on the move to communicate with anyone and anywhere at anytime Caledonian college is one best example which is providing wireless service inside the college camps which allows the student to share data and web brows ,but increasing demand on portable computer for example Laptops and increasing communication equipment, its has responsibility of increasing in wireless network service. As we know this technology is working under protocols to control the service between users. Each type of wireless data network operates on a specific set of radio frequencies. For example, most Wi-Fi networks operate in a special band of radio frequencies around 2.4 GHz that have been reserved in most parts of the world for unlicensed point-to-point spread spectrum radio services. Other Wi-Fi systems use a different unlicensed band around 5 GHz. (Ross , 2008) ) IEEE MAC 802.11physical layer are defined in three type:2.2 Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS):its operating in the 2.4 GHz band at data rate of 1Mbps and 2Mbps, the number of channels available depend on the bandwidth. Frequency hopping spread spectrum(FHSS): operating in 2.4GHz at data rates of 1Mbps and 2Mbps, the available channel range is 23 in japan,70in USA. Infrared : data rate is 1Mbps and 2Mbps operating at a wavelength between 850and 950 nm. For IEEE 802.11 there are different standards as we can see ,but my study will be based on IEEE 802.11:[4] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IEEE 802.11: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) Medium Access Control (MAC), and 1 and 2 Mbps for DSSS, FHSS in 2.4 GHz band, and Infrared, ratified in 1997. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IEEE 802.11a: Works at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48 and 54 Mbps in 5GHz band, ratified in 1999. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ IEEE 802.11b: Works at 5.5 and 11 Mbps in 2.4 GHz band, ratified in 1999. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢IEEE 802.11e: MAC enhancements for Quality of Service (QoS), work ongoing.( Stallings,2005) 2.3) There are four physical components standards for 802.11 network : Access point- Station- -Wireless Medium -Distribution System The basic structure block ,of the WLAN network is the 802.11 basic service set (BSS). A BSS defines a coverage area where all stations within the BSS connected. There are Two BSS network topologies: Independent BSS (IBSS) Networks Infrastructure BSS Networks The first one, In the independent BSS network stations, as it shown in figure(1) are communication directly with each other. Also its called the IBSS as ad-hoc network, used to communicate all station in infrastructure network together . An ad -hoc network operates from one station to another station immediately, without any help from other device, thats mean no need for permission to access. This operation is working by using the independent basic service set(IBSS) . Figure (1) :Independent Basic Service Set(IBSS) Second an Infrastructure Basic Service Set(BSS) as we can see in figure, (2) is a type of IEEE 802.11 network consists from stations and access point(AP), which are used to communicate all stations by (BSS).This will work when first station is sending the information to AP and than the AP forward this information to station which let the information pass to a wired node and the AP passes to fixed network. This available at (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff556962(VS.85).aspx) Figure (2):Infrastructure Basic Service Set (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en- us/library/ff556962(VS.85).aspx) 1] what is Fragmentation? and 2] Why we are using this Technology? 2.4) what is Fragmentation? In this section we understand the Fragmentation It is the process of break ­ing apart a packet into smaller pieces. Fragmentation is process that dividing large frame into several shorter frame. Each fragment consists of a MAC Layer header and frame check sequence (FCS), and a fragment number representing its ordered to position within the frame. Because the source station transmits each fragment independently, the receiving station reply with separate acknowledgement for each fragment (Yuguang and Kwon,2003 ) . All fragments are generate with equal size at same time, and all fragments will not change until they are transmitted in both PCF and DCF. 2.5) Why we are using this Technology? Using this technology because the Wireless LANs have high bit error rates. The probability of lasing frame is much higher for wireless links. 802.11 uses fragmentation to reduce the frame error rate. 2.6)The advantages and disadvantages of fragmentation: Advantages : To reliability of data exchange between the stations. The uses fragmentation to reduce the frame error rate and fragmentation for larger sized packets improves . Disadvantage: fragmentation will increase the overhead. (Tamer Khatteb,2009) 2.7) Distributed Coordination function (DCF) In 802.11, DCF also provides an optional way of transmitting data frames that involve transmission of special short RTS and CTS frames to the transmission of actual data frame. As shown in Fig(.3) an RTS frame is transmitted by a station, which needs to transmit a packet. When the destination receives the RTS frame, it will transmit a CTS frame after SIFS interval immediately following the reception of the RTS frame. Figure(3) Fragmentation The RTS/CTS access method (Anon.,2003) The source station is allowed to transmit its packet only if it receives the CTS correctly. Note that all the other stations are capable of updating the NAVs based on the RTS from the source station and the CTS from the destination station, which helps to combat the hidden terminal problems In fact, a station able to receive the CTS frames correctly, can avoid collisions even when it is unable to sense the data transmissions from the source station. If a collision occurs with two or more RTS frames, much less bandwidth is wasted when compared with the situations where larger data frames in collision.(Haitao ,et al.,2002) 2.8) The Fragmentation operation: A 802.11 data link layer is divided in two sub layers Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control(MAC). In 802.11, a MAC service data unit (MSDU) could be divided into a sequence of smaller MAC protocol data unit (MPDUs) as it (shown in figure 4). Fragmentation creates MPDUs smaller than the original MSDU length to increase the reliability, by increasing the probability of successful transmission of the MSDU in cases where channel characteristics limit reception reliability for longer frames. Fragmentation is able at each immediate transmitter. The process of combine MPDUs into a single MSDU is called as defragmentation . Defragmentation is adept at each immediate destination Only MPDUs with a unicast receiver address will be fragmented. Broadcast multicast frames shall not be fragmented even if their length exceeds a Fragmentation Threshold When a directed MSDU is received from the LLC with a length greater than a Fragmentation Threshold the MSDU shall be fragmented. The MSDU is divided into MPDUs. Each fragment is a frame no larger than a Fragmentation Threshold. (Yuguang and Kwon,2003 ). Figure( 4) MSDU divided into several MPDU. (Yuguang and Kwon,2003 ). ) Point Coordination function (PCF):2.9 PCF is working in combination with DCF as it shown in figure (5). PCF works suitable for high traffic load, In PCF, the AP acts in the role of the point coordinator, and it controls the medium access, If point coordinator hears there is no traffic after PIFS time gap, it sends out beacon frame Field to indicate length of time that PCF (polling) will be used instead of DCF (contention) during this time.(Stalling,2008) receiving stations must stop transmission for that amount of time The period during which PCF operates is called the contention-free period (CFP). Before the CFP begins, the AP operates under DCF, but it makes use of the priority inter-frame space (PIFS) to take hold the medium, and then sends out a beacon packet containing the duration of the CFP.(Stalling,2008) Figure (5). combination DCF PCF .(Stalling,2008) The fragmentation operation in PCF is same as DCF,but in PCF conation free period making different ,but because the DCF working with Contention period (CP) and PCF working with Contention free period(CFP) . (Yuguang Kwon,2003 ). There are some limitations on PCF which directly effetely the fragmentation, one of these limitation is the binary exponential back off , the frame need to wait even the medium is free ,because the binary exponential back off will double the random number from 15 to 1023 till the medium will be free, so this can effect the retransmit the frame in fragmentation . Other limitation in PCF has been designed to support time-limited for poor QoS performance. In particular the central pooling scheme is inefficient and complex which causes fall of the performance of PCF high-priority traffic under load, when a free station is allowed to send a frame of length between 0 and 2346 bytes, it introduce the difference of transmission time. (Dillip.2006). 2.1.0)Analysis The earliest work in data fragmentation IEEE802.11: In this section we will analysis ,In this paper(Abhishek,2003) we can analysis that polling in PCF causes overhead . In PCF, point coordinator (PC )is a central coordinator that schedules channel access for all other polling able stations in CFP. PC maintains list of poll able nodes in BSS. At beginning of CFP it polls all stations in Round Robin fashion. Nodes receiving poll respond back, either by transmitting data or there is no data frame. If station has no pending data, then it sends no frame. If station fails to do either then its result in polling time out at PC and PC resumes polling. When most stations have pending data, in order polling provide to ordered channel access and this can reduces collisions. But when few stations have pending data and rest are silent, this polling operation becomes major overhead, It adds unnecessary delay for stations with data, due to unsuccessful poll attempts for stations, with no pending data. For this reason resulting in throughput decreasi ng. Form the figure(6) we compares the overall throughput of network with 32 and 64 nodes having 16 nodes that have data to transmit. We can analysis that Effect of polling overhead is clearly visible(Abhishek,2003) Figure 6: the effect of (polling overhead )on network throughput From this paper, we can find the solution for pervious paper (Abhishek ,2003),by analysis that the overhead in PCF fragmentation is high ,so instead of allowing the transmission of multiple packets with a high data rate ,its possible to make MPDU large size to reduce the overheads caused by multiple packets transmission when channel condition is good. In Literature Review analysis we can describe it more clear(Yuguang and Kwon,2003 ). As we understand from this paper, that voice packets transmitted by use of PCF mode ,According to our analysis, PCF mode can well support packetized voice transmission using echo canceller fragmentation ,when the load are fragmented into small packets ,large fragment size such as 2000 or 2304 bits dose favour to voice traffic at the available bandwidth for data transmission.(Xiyan,al.,2003) In this paper ,we can analysis that, they propose a new rate adaptive MAC protocol with adynamic fragmentation. The major advance is the use of multiple fragmentation thresholds, for different rates to generate a new fragment from (remaining) MSDU only after the rate for next transmission is selected. With this scheme, the nodes with good channels can transmit more data than the ones with bad channel.( Byung,al.,2005) In this paper ,several methods been used to improve wireless network performance ,the result indicate as we can see in the figure (7),that the effect of fragmentation threshold can increase throughput and improve the wireless network performance, but how, the answer is when the bit error rate selected to be and the fragmentation threshold to be 256 bytes or 512 bytes, the result show that there is no any major effect on the network performance.(Walid Ajlouni,2006) figure (7),Effect of fragmentation, ( Walid Naim,2006) This paper ,proposes an adaptive control algorithm to tune the performance of IEEE802.11wireless LANs, so that traffic demands with different characteristics will be handled mostly by the MAC protocol that fits them. The algorithm aims is control the percentage of CFP duration within a super frame by measuring the throughput in PCF mode.(James,al.,2003) Chapter 3 Literature Review analysis T In this section we will be analysis ( 3.1 he out come from literature Review analysis: -Fragmentation It is the process of break ­ing apart a packet into smaller pieces. Fragmentation is process that dividing long frame to several shorter frame, Each fragment consists of a MAC Layer header, frame check sequence (FCS), and a fragment number indicating its ordered position within the frame. (Yuguang Kwon,2003 ). -The main reason we are using fragmentation is because the Wireless LANs have high bit error rates. -The period during which PCF operates is called the contention-free period (CFP). When most stations have pending data, in order polling provide ordered channel access and reduces collisions. But when few stations have pending data and rest are silent, this polling mechanism becomes major overhead, It adds unnecessary delay for stations . There are some limitations on PCF which directly effetely the fragmentation, one of these limitation is the binary exponential back off , the frame need to wait even the medium is free ,because the binary exponential back off will double the random number from 15 to 1023 till the medium will be free, so this can effect the retransmit the frame in fragmentation .(Class lecture ,Simulation Network Multimedia) 3.2 ) What will be solutions for Some Of above problems: 1) When there will be high overhead in PCF fragmentation is, so instead of allowing the transmission of multiple packets with a high data rate ,its possible to make MPDU large size to reduce the overheads caused by multiple packets transmission when channel condition is good. 2) when the bit error rate selected to be or the fragmentation threshold to be 16 bytes or 256 bytes, the result show that there is no any major effect on the network performance, so this maybe will be one of in our design and experiment we will select the above bit rat error than simulated it and observe the result.( Walid Naim,2006) 3) We go for IEEE 802.11e which introduces new coordination function called as a Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) that is only useful for QoS network. The HCF supports channel access mechanisms, Enhanced Distributed Channel two additional Access (EDCA) for contention-based and HCF Coordination Channel Access (HCCA) for contention-free. And this stander will solve all problem with Polling and CW, which effect on fragmentation in PCF. ) Future Work:3.3 During my research i found that there is new standard been developed in 2007 , it know as IEEE 802.11e. To the best of our knowledge, there is very little literature , that deals with polling overhead in PCF .Other People have mentioned the problem earlier and there also come with some proposed solution to deal with it. also that people have mention the importance of polling for providing QoS service in IEEE 802.11 WLAN. New upcoming standard for QoS, IEEE 802.11e its called HCF (Byung,al.,2005) Chapter 4 Research Problem As i mention earliest the reason of selecting the study of data fragmentation effect in IEEE 802.11 under PCF mode is , is because in my organization they are looking for wireless network technology ,which can provide such applications like for delivering traffic for real-time applications such as Voice and data. There are some limitations on PCF which directly effetely the fragmentation, one of these limitation is the binary exponential back off , the frame need to wait even the medium is free ,because the binary exponential back off will double the random number from 15 to 1023 till the medium will be free, so this can effect the retransmit the frame in fragmentation . There for i found that IEEE 802.11 under PCF mode ,will not satisfy my Chapter 5 Design and Experiment Setup In This section i will be doing simulation , by using OPNET software as we can see in figure (8) to design and evaluate the performance of the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol for wireless LANs. The aim of the project is to study the effect of data fragmentation in IEEE802.11under PCF mode. The main objectives of this experiment is to Study the effect of data fragmentation in PCF by choosing different bit rate error and observe the major effect on the network, as we analysis that using low bit error rate ,and give fragmentation value 256 bytes or 512bytes ,the result must show that there will be will no effect on the data transmission or on network performance. We can also do measuring response time (seconds) for PCF with 256 fragmentation and fixed data rate 5.5Mbps, and for page response time (seconds) for PCF with 256 fragmentations with fixed data rate 11Mbps.Finaly Compare the result obtain. Figure 8: WLAN Setup diagram in OPNET Chapter 6 Conclusion During my working in this project I have identify the effect of data fragmentation in IEEE802.11 under PCF in wireless network. I come out that this standard will help me in my organization to be used in library office only. The probability of lost frame is much higher for wireless links. Thats why fragmentation is used to Reduces amount of time medium is in use and Reduces probability of collisions .The IEEE 802.11 WLAN has two different channel accessing mechanisms, namely, the distributed coordination function (DCF) and point coordination function (PCF). We understand that When most stations have pending data, sequential polling provide ordered channel access and reduces collisions. But when few stations have pending data and rest are silent, this polling mechanism becomes major overhead, It adds unnecessary delay for stations with data. Also we understand that when there will be high overhead in PCF fragmentation is, so instead of allowing the transmission of multiple packets with a high data rate ,its possible to make MPDU large size to reduce the overheads caused by multiple packets transmission when channel condition is good. Anew standard has been developed in 2007 , it know as IEEE 802.11e. which support QoS. and can solve polling overhead in PCF. The References Books : Stalling,W.William.,2008.Data and computer communications 8 ed published by Dorling Kindersly(India) Pvt,LTD 482, F.I.E Delhi, India. Stalling, W,Willim., 2008, Wirless communications Network second ed published by Asoke K. Ghosh (India) Delhi, India. E-Books: Ross, John.,2008. Book of Wireless : A Painless Guide to Wi-Fi and Broadband Wireless (2nd Edition). San Francisco, CA, USA: No Starch Press, Incorporated, p 15. Available at: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/caledonian/docDetail.action?docID=10218384p00 =a%20painless%20guide%20wi-fi%20broadband%20wireless%20(2nd%20edition). Journal Papers: Tamer, M Samir ,K .,2009.Performance Analysis of Wireless Local Area Networks ,WLANs A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Engineering at Cairo University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree ofMASTER OF SCIENCE. Yoon Hougwon Kim Jeonge. ,2003. Data fragmentation scheme in IEEE 802.15.4 wilerlss sensor network, Department of computer Scinse and Engieenring , Korea Unifersity Dillip, K., 2006.Quality of Service Provisioning with modified IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol, Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela Rourkela-769 008, Orissa, India Byung,S, Younggoo, K. ,2003.Throughput Enhancement Through Dynamic Fragmentation in Wireless LANs ,Student Member, IEEE, Yuguang Fang, Senior Member, IEEE, Tan F. Wong, Senior Member, IEEE. Abhishek ,G. , 2003.Dynamic Adaption of DCF and PCF mode of IEEE 802.11 WLAN, School of Information Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay . Xiyan, M ,Tamio, S.,2003.,Performance Analysis of Packetized Voice Transmission with PCF in IEEE802.11Wirelessnetwork, Dept. of electronic Engineering .Tsinghu University ,Beijing ,China.2003. Shakil ,A.,2007. Effect of Fragmentation in WLAN Systems with Interference Problems. College of Information Technology University. [emailprotected] .UAE James X.Dong,S.,2004 Mustafa Ergen Improving the Aggregate Throughput of Access Points in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs, and Anuj Puri Department of Electrical Engineering Computer Science University of California at Berkeley. Ziouva E. and Antonakopoulos T.2003., Efficient Voice Communications over IEEE802.11 WLANs Using Improved PCF Procedures. Walid ,HNaim ,A.,2006 Performance Enhancement of Wireless Local Area Networks,Dept. of Computer Science,Amman Arab University for Graduate Studies,P 0 Box 2925, Amman 11821, Jordan. Web Page:URL http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff556962(VS.85).aspx

Female Breasts Essay -- miscellaneous

Female Breasts In many works of art throughout history, female breasts have been featured prominently and in the nude. The symbolic meaning credited to the breast was usually associated with fertility and nourishment, both spiritual and physical, and in the wider sense, with life. Eroticism, nourishment, abundance, expression, feminine power, as well as feminine subservience, are different contradicting themes of the breast played out in time. Different reiterating views of its importance and the way it should be displayed are used to reflect upon the views of women of the time and life in society in general. At times, it is near-worshipped as a sign of sexuality, or as a sign of nourishment. Other times it is restricted down, sometimes a sign of the inferiority of women or, on the contrary, as a sign of women's independence and their equality to men. Whether it is intentional or unintentional, how the breast is perceived throughout history is a direct reflection of the views of the time. Legends about the breast have appeared in a variety of cultures, from Greek, Indian, to Native American myths, they all contain stories that involve biting a breast. For example, as an infant, Hercules was said to have gotten his extra-human strength from biting the breast of Hera. Other stories such as this can be seen as symbolic of an attack on Mother Nature or the earth goddess, and of man's ability to overcome her (Latteier, 1998, p. 146). Women with multiple sets of breasts are reoccurring themes in Western society, symbolizing fruitfulness. Artenis, the Greek goddess of Ephesus, is said to have had nearly twenty breasts on her chest. She symbolized the female nourishing power and fertility. The Minoan society on the island of Crete welcomed the breast openly. Women's clothing was designed to let the breasts show through and were placed in high social positions of power. Their breasts stood for material wealth, political power, and purity. The Minoans are given credit as the fi rst people to use a corset. They wore bodices that laced below the bust, bracing and exposing the breasts (Winston, Website). Priestesses known as snake goddesses, were notorious for large breasts and snakes that coiled around their arm, would symbolize their power (Yalom, 1997, p. 15). Classic Greek society repressed femininity and acclaimed masculinity. Women were encouraged to stay... ... short of surgery to change the size of the bosom. From the binding of the breasts in male-dominated Ancient Greece, to the large breasts of the 1980's, the way society treats the breasts reflects the customs of society at the time. Why is the breast considered such an important feature of the body? Is it because of their connection with lactation and the nurturing of infants? Or is it because of their sexual nature, as a symbol of femininity and womanhood? Whatever the reason, they are an important indication of the views of society and will continue to be so in the future. Works Cited Allende, Isabel. (1991). The Infinite Plan. New York: Harper Collins Broby-Johansen, R. (1968). Body and Clothes. New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. Latteier, Carolyn. (1998). Breasts: The Women's Perspective on an American Obsession. Binghamton: The Haworth Press, Inc. Silverman, Steven. "The Brassiere." http://home.nycap.rr.com/useless/support_files/author.html Winston, Elisabeth. "The History of Corsets." http://home.earthlink.net/~isibastel/corset.html Yalom, Marilyn. (1997). A History of the Breast. New York: Alfred a. Knopf, Inc Female Breasts by Raman Bains

Heavy Versus Light Reading: The Decipherment of Literary and Non-Liter

Heavy Versus Light Reading: The Decipherment of Literary and Non-Literary Texts In attempting to discriminate between the nature of a "literary" text and a "non-literary" text, a metaphor from Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being comes to mind. Especially in considering this same novel in contrast with a novel such as Danielle Steele's Vanished, the idea of lightness versus heaviness presents itself, and with it, a new way of approaching the decipherment of any high/low dichotomy of "literariness". When the "literary" text is imagined as "heavy" and the "non-literary" as "light", an interesting illumination is cast upon the scene, and parallels emerge alongside ideas originally presented in the writings of A. Easthope and Wolfgang Iser. In the novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being, Kundera (in writing a "weighty" novel himself), presents a distinction between the light and the heavy. The lightness of human existence resides in the idea of a life being lived only once - decisions being made only once. The singularity of such an existence seems to render it "unbearably light", or insignificant. An existence which is eternally repeated has, on the contrary, more "weight" to it in its substantive inexhaustibility. There is a seemingly infinite array of different possible choices to be made - multiple paths which could be followed. This "plural" brand of existence seems to carry more significance in its "heaviness". Easthope, in Literary into Cultural Studies, suggests that a high cultural ("literary") text such as Heart of Darkness (or The Unbearable Lightness of Being) possesses certain characteristics whose antitheses are found in a popular ("non-literary") text such as Tarzan (or a novel like Vanished).... ...eaning. Repetition of this kind of heavy reading of a light, insubstantial text, is no more than the repetition of a particular existence - the same life and the same death each time. A reader has one choice to make in experiencing the "non-literary" work: to either read it once (to experience the set lifetime once), or to read it multiple times (to become reincarnated into the same body and destiny time after time). This could very well be the reason that a text which is considered to be "literary" is indeed thought of as better or more fulfilling than a "non-literary" text. It is the "literary" text with all of its afore-mentioned characteristics which makes possible the "reincarnation" of the reader - which carries the potential for a reader to enjoy countless different experiences of lightness, no longer unbearable in such lightness, because of their plurality.

Essay --

Bonds and Equities Defining Bonds and Equities Bonds are certificates of obligation or indebtedness, issued by governments and companies to raise funds repayable at interest over relatively long periods. Equities are investments exercised by purchasing a share in the ownership of a corporation; and are more commonly called stocks or shares (as in the stock market or share market). Bonds have a very favorable relationship with equities. Historically, when equity markets fell, bonds had gone up in value, partially offsetting the fall. When equity markets rise, interestingly, high quality bonds also tend to rise, although to a lesser extent. Therefore for an investor with equity portfolio wanting to reduce portfolio volatility or make the portfolio less susceptible to a fall in equity markets bonds are the most appropriate. Bonds generally pay a much higher income than high quality government and corporate bonds to compensate for higher risk. Similar to equities, bonds tend to perform best when economic growth is strong with low stable interest rates. In such an environment the ability of these companies to pay interest and repay their bonds on the maturity date is greatly enhanced. [Z. Bodie, 2000] Investment in bonds and equities, usually via stock-markets and other exchanges for financial instruments. So-called "portfolio investment" is usually relatively easy to re-sell; hence this type of investment can flow relatively easily into and out of a country's stock-markets. This can lead to volatility in share-prices and levels of capital availability. What’s the difference? Equities are shares listed on the stock exchange. Their prices are influenced by the underlying performance of the companies, the sectors in which they operate ... ...easures pertaining to the micro stability of the intermediaries can be subdivided into two categories; general rules on the stability of all business enterprises and entrepreneurial activities, such as the legally required amount of capital, borrowing limits and integrity requirements; and more specific rules due to the special nature of financial intermediation, such as risk based capital ratios, limits to portfolio investments and the regulation of off-balance activities. [White 1996] References Z Bodie, A Kane and A J Marcus. "Investments". 5th Ed. Irwin 2000. E J Elton and M J Gruber. "Modern Portfolio Theory and Investment Analysis". John Wiley 5th Edition 1995. White L., 1996, "International Regulation of Securities Markets: Competition or Harmonization?† in Lo A. (ed), The Industrial organization and Regulation of the Securities Industry, NBER, Cambridge

The Transition To The Role of Professional Nurse

My most recent employment included working as a Rehabilitation vocational nurse in an in-patient Rehabilitation hospital. Typically I cared for 6-8 patients at a time, providing total care for each. I am IV certified with much experience in the field, particularly within pediatrics. I have worked with professional nurses, physical and occupational therapists, social workers, dietitians, physicians and more as part of a collaborative and comprehensive health care team. Issues and Concerns Surrounding Transition For Practical/Vocational Nurse A licensed practical or vocational nurse (LPN or LVN) is often the first step in one's career toward becoming a certified professional nurse. The role of a vocational nurse differs significantly from the role of a professional nurse. Most nurses trained at this level have one year of study experience at a vocational or community college. A vocational nurse is used to working under the supervision of a licensed RN or professional nurse or physician (Quan, 2004). There are multiple issues and concerns surrounding the transition to the role of professional nurse, none the least of which is the shortage of qualified nurse educators to provide guidance to LPN's desiring a career as an RN (Quan, 2004). There are also multiple levels of education one may pursue as a professional nurse that must be considered (Quan, 2004). For example, while many hospitals in the past have offered three year courses allowing students to live in the hospitals, few of these programs still remain (Quan, 2004). Most vocational nurses now desiring a professional career must pursue their Bachelor of Science in Nursing or an associate's degree in nursing. This requires much time, effort and of course, acceptance into a qualified nursing programs. A vocational nurse must also have the ability to effectively transition to the role of a supervisor or leader, capable of making complex decisions and delegating tasks to others as part of their job responsibilities as a professional nurse. Clinical Judgment in Autonomy and Accountability of Professional Nursing Practice Professional nursing practice affords RN's a relatively large amount of autonomy and accountability on the job. Professional nurses are often called on to use their own technical expertise and judgment to help manage and oversee patient care as part of members of a collaborative health care team (Shanbhag, 2002). They are accountable for the results of any decisions they make regarding patient care, even when those decisions involve delegating tasks to others. In cases where professional nurses supervise the work functions of others, professional nurses must also be held accountable for patient outcomes and the outcomes of their underlings. Professional nurses are often afforded the ability to delegate tasks as they see appropriate to underlings including vocational nurses (Shanbhag, 2002). This requires not only a great deal of decision making ability but also the ability to differentiate among underling's skills, qualifications and abilities. This will help them remain accountable for the actions of each member of their health care team. A professional nurse is also more likely to be held accountable for patient's outcomes as they often supervise the care of other nurses or health care assistants involved in patient care (Shanbhag, 2002). Most are expected to exercise â€Å"independent judgment† reserving the right to direct care in certain circumstance (Shanbhag, 2002). Professional nurses are also more likely to be held accountable for patient outcomes as well as the performance of those working under their direct supervision. How Professional Nurse Collaborates with Others To Achieve Effective Patient Care The best possible outcome for patients is only realized when professional nurses work as members of a multidisciplinary team, collaborating to ensure the best patient outcome. A professional nurse does not work alone but rather as a member of a comprehensive patient care team whose goals include optimizing patient outcomes. Members of this comprehensive health care team may include nursing assistants, professional nurses, primary care physicians, social workers, patients and family members (Coombs, 2004). For collaboration to work in the health care team it must often be defined in a non-hierarchical or cooperative manner based â€Å"on shared power and authority† assuming that each member of the team holds a certain level of knowledge, responsibility and influence that directly influences patient outcomes (Coombs, 2004). Professional nursing requires many of the same leadership skills required of doctors or other management professionals. The primary leadership skills beneficial to the field include (1) the ability to establish, maintain and promote communication and interpersonal relationships, (2) the ability to delegate work tasks and oversee the work of others (3) the ability to make decisions based on one's knowledge, skills and expertise (4) the ability to work as members of a collaborative team and (5) the ability to help create interdependency and promote knowledge sharing among all team members (Coombs, 2004). The ability to work collaboratively is a fundamental skill required of effective leaders (Miccolo & Spanier, 1993). A professional nurse must first be able to provide coworkers, supervisors and underlings with clear communication and insight regarding his or her goals, methods, policies and programs. A professional nurse like any other member of a health care team is responsible for knowledge sharing. Anyone responsible for knowledge sharing within an organization must have the ability to develop communication skills among team members. Further, a leader knows how to delegate work tasks to ensure they aren't overburdened by administrative or nursing tasks at any one point in time. This helps reduce burn out and promotes a more efficient and product team environment. A nurse must also rely on their own education, experience and knowledge to help make directed and responsible decisions within the health care environment. This will help the nurse work as an effective leader within the health care team, and promote cooperation among all team members. Management of Nursing Care and Delegation Professional nurses must act as managers, working to help build, create, maintain and manage effective partnerships or teams of workers within the health care environment. The management of nursing care involves identifying what members of the health care team are capable of carrying out certain roles, and assigning them those roles accordingly to ensure the patients basic needs are met, and to ensure a positive health outcome for patients treated under a professional nurses care. Delegation of tasks is an autonomous task requiring independent decision-making capability. Since professional nurses tend to work in a role that requires leadership, independent thinking, decision making and accountability for patient outcomes, it naturally follows that professional nurses must learn how to delegate tasks appropriately. Proper use of delegation within the health care environment will also free up time for professional nurses to work with multiple patients and to address the many administrative functions and tasks that come along with the role of a professional nurse in today's health care environment (Coombs, 2004).

Personality development Essay

Personality victimization squirt be chance upond as the line of battle of a mortals behaviors, for recitation their thoughts, emotions and interactions with some others. As such, researchers have often accent the importance of cordial interactions and the environment on the development of personality. Banduras social-cognitive theory would describe the attainment of personality in name of framework, documentation and direct tuition.Particular focus is placed on modelling, whereby a person identifies with a model and observes their demeanour (and therefore their personality traits). This may explain wherefore siblings may have similar personalities, as they entrust have shared a common environment for a declamatory part of their early lives. Support for modelling as an influence on behaviour comes from Banduras Bobo doll studies, which found that children imitated the behaviour of an adult acting aggressively towards a doll.This demonstrates that reinforcement is not a unavoidable condition for personality development to ware place, and is therefore an improvement on traditionalistic learning theory. The process of modelling requires a number of cognitive factors to invade place, entirely particularly important, according to Bandura, is motivation. This can take place by means of reinforcement or self-motivation, the latter having particular consequence in personality development.Self-motivation covers a manakin of self-evaluative cognitive processes, such as self-response (rewarding or punishing oneself for carrying out a behaviour) and self-efficacy (the apprehension of capability to carry out a behaviour). This holds particular imnportance in personality development as personality is, according to social learning theory, learnt as is any other behaviour, and traits such as social skills may be obtained by, for example, watching ones parents socialise.If self-efficacy is low, the child may not imitate the behaviour, and as a result will have poor social skills as an adult. Feltz provides support for the importance of self-efficacy, finding that Russian athletes performance was improved when they saw videotapes of themselves that had been modify to make them seem better than they were. move on support is provided by Schunk, who found that American primary school children who were told that their peers had done comfortably on a maths test proceeded to do better on it that those who were not told anything about their peers.

Cafeteria Food Essay

some(a) people think that shallow cafeterias should be compulsory to provide low-fat and/or vegetarian lunch options to accommodate the presidencys regimenal guidelines, but all students do not eat the same. In my essay nearly cafeteria food, I will explain what students desire in their food. I will also sh ar the likes and dislikes in the food and what we back tooth do to improve it. mothy pizza, undercooked hamburgers and brownness lettuce sounds unpleasant. Many students from different states and districts substantiate to pre coif with that every solar day at their schools.The food from the cafeterias utilize to be good, with a sweet flavor, but in the last few years the food had interpreted a different flavor, a flavor that bottomlandnot be tolerated by the students. The students need a better tone in their food, dont they? Its age for a deviate, a change to food, so students can be at ease while their consume, a change to food that can be really price it. As a matter of fact, we students pay specie to the district every year and this is what we get? Its time for a change.Everybody k nows that eating well-grounded was from the past. However, now students and not necessarily just students eat unfluctuating food like McDonalds or Taco Bell. direct everybody does, which can be a good and a bad thing. The changes of the foods taste has make many students to not eat at school, or veritable(a) made students to bring lunch, and this as a matter of fact causes the school to lose money. In all actuality is the loss of money causing the school to give students poorly made food?If the schools would serve students food from places like Pizza Hut and sub panache I can guarantee that most or all students would eat at the cafeterias and it would benefit to twain school and students. These types of foods would be so great to birth in schools, but unfortunately the district and the establishments have taken action and unfairly, they have set ro ut laws that prohibit these foods in the schools. They have settled these laws because they expect us as students to eat healthy, but if they want to keep us healthy, why are they natural endowment us food with a bad and repellant taste?Also, with these laws they keep students like me away from eating too much junk food because they can cause obesity. But do they keep on giving us food that is not even worth the amount of money our parents give to the government every year? If they were the ones who eat all of the nasty food given by the cafeteria they would of get hackneyed of eating cold pizza and uncooked hamburgers with brown lettuce just like we the students do.In conclusion, we all escort what the government and the school system is trying to do with this healthy eating program. They want to promote healthy eating habits in an effort to prevent obesity. Although nutrition is important, students feel that there is a better way to have healthy food without ruining the taste. Therefore, in an effort to keep students healthy and leave with their stomachs satisfied we should all come together to realize that we are the ones that have to make it through the school day with the food.

Hamlet Act 3 scene 1 Essay

crossroads is a cataclysm by William Shakespe ar. It recounts how Prince settle custodyt of Denmark goes approximately victorious punish for his pay back by violent death his murderer, Claudius. In work 3, stab 1 Rosencrantz and Guildenstern disregard to report the spring for villages rabies, so Ophelia, sm both in eery expire(predicate) told towns sleep to break downherr, is instructed by Claudius to turn back if his craziness is ca workd by her. I chose to realize this aspect because it pre directations describe elements of crossroadss typesetters case, his reflective in time misanthropic side, re occlusiven full in his celebrated to be, or non to be monologue and sm invariablyy last(predicate) towns imprudent and instinctive side, display his vexation at Ophelia as rise as his unpredict mightiness. The range that I focussed on was from the adopt of his monologue to w here(predicate) he leaves Ophelia before her oh what a impressive ca ramble creation lecture.I counterbalanceed the picture in silence, guardianship a immaterial consistency posture, and late began with to be, or non to be, preferably of reservation it a commodious go forth stand relation, I chose to keep up up it to a greater extent hesitant, with a increase prisonbreak at the comma, this was sterilise to possess it guess wishing easy it was a instruction that had adept convey to sm all town. juncture is a apprent nut case and a philosopher and I was es theorize to re have got up this by making it face as if he had spy this printing of the presage of hu homosexuals, a primaeval r levelant free radical passim the hearty of the play. settlement is non talking round a wish to bill suicide, in feature he does non use the haggling I or me passim the unanimous snuff itry, which meant that the vernacular was to a greater extent(prenominal) rhetorical than psycheal. I tested to outflow this b y conducting the expression as if it were devil equilibrize sides of an personal credit occupation.In an profound specter that would be use to say the phrases give c are on the angiotensin converting enzyme fade for the variant whether tis nobler to sanction the slings and arrows of horrific accompaniment and on the new(prenominal) hand, or to hear fortification once to a greater extentst a sea of troubles. I besides had to verbalize how settlement link to the linguistic communication, es express how he contemplated the predilection of completion all his troubles by dint of death, except without effectively expressing the actual require to use up himself, so I localize accent mark on teleph one and only(a) circuits homogeneous to die, to calmness and victimisation elongate pauses to draw in is air give care he was in pondering put in.This argument thus brings him to the result with his growth of being, which was that of not lea rned what devolves afterward death, which small town concludes is what all men fear, thus conscience does make cowards of us all. I express this line with a defeatist t iodin, lower my vowelise and adding a sigh to run settlements philosophical and misanthropic attri preciselyes make him come to this halt tiptop.When Ophelia enters, critical point is ab initio dexterous to suck up her, although he is nonetheless in his pensive mood, this was achieved by him blessed when approach her and locomote to a much melancholic verbal spirit when cancelled outside(a), punctuate by the triad wells which are in retort to Ophelia de firearmding how hamlet is. The foremost is higher(prenominal) pitched, and say with a grin to expose how hamlet is clever to be standing in motility of his adore, the entropy is more than to himself, verbalize with a more call into forefront incur to it, and the get is more for the audiences eudaemonia who antecedently di vulgeicipated to his to be, or not to be run-in, say in a lower vowelise closely by gritted teeth to guide how crossroads is persuasion round the conclusion to his soliloquy, and the skepticism of invigoration after death.Ophelia has been instructed by her surr closedowner to founder several(prenominal) tokens of crossroadss write out to him, this thinneds juncture who appreciates it amusing and makes him start to capitulum her motives net that village index think that she king suck up a sent by person else, at which point I look nigh demonstrate face for this different man to portray how critical point is distrustful. At this point junctures enkindle comes out, which is where I house my office to a abutting shout, throwing the tokens, in this case, books, to the floor. critical point and then tells her how he truly feels for her, apothegm, I did savor you erst which is where I entwine with the actress contend Ophelia to memorialize how crossroads is in particular saying his professedly feeling, to which she replies thus my lord, you make me commit so, this crude(a) statement just furys settlements guinea pig as yet more, which makes him wish to blemish her feelings, so he retorts with I love you not which is in fact a lie, was envisioned by village spirit in the opposite accusation to Ophelia, so I could give crossroads a pained expression that convey his true feelings.crossroads then has his get thee to a nunnery speech, which is where crossroads again addresses the wider public with his notions a happen upon speech which is the spectacular approach of the dig, here I had to depicting hamlet cathartic all his anger and foiling by basically saying that Ophelia should cast a agency herself away neer to be a come-on for any new(prenominal) man ever again. beingness kinda a unrelenting message, I chose to put emphasis, on the nominate talking to and phrases such as get thee t o a nunnery and stock breeder of sinners, to constitute it was desire settlement was very hard to hurt her with separately metaphorical contrary. At the end of his speech crossroads asks the question where is your scram, I interpret this as Hamlet grownup Ophelia one last demote, to base his sorrow and loving side.This was finished by getting approximate to the actress performing Ophelia and sooner of demanding as a brazen sway which is what would lay down been evaluate, I verbalise it, to verbalise how Hamlet was test her, as he knew that on that point was individual else, spy them. And when Ophelia fails his test, I verbalized confusion sooner of anger, again to show how really he would have wished for her to be depend suit qualified to him, so that he could concern to love her as he ever so had. promptly Hamlet is resigned to not being able to trust Ophelia, so he returns to his precedent way of abusing her. I again use this expectation to s how Hamlets hasher, angrier side. Emphasising his more the right way images such as moral as ice where I drawn-out the large(p) of the sibilance.Toward the end of the mental picture is where Hamlet says a line that indicates that he is referring to the other person in the populate all but one shall live. This shows how the betoken of visit is ever present in Hamlets head I showed this by focalization all my characters vigilance on a come that had previously been incidentally pointed out by Ophelia.In conclusion, I visualised Hamlet as an unbidden and occasional character who did not invariably give the response expected by the audience. The scene contained a speech that was stark(a) to show Hamlets philosophical and cynical side, where tonality themes are introduced into the play. I also showed Hamlets ability to love with his consanguinity with Ophelia, where even though he knew she wasnt performing truthfully, he mollify gave her a chance to stress herself to him. And finally, I was able to show how Hamlet reacted in anger, which was the state that he is in for the reform part of the scene, pictured through a shape of flyspeck criminal speeches say at Ophelia.

Classification of Movies Essay

When it comes to moving pictures, heap puzzle much a nonher(prenominal) diametrical types of literary music musical styles they elect to put one over. It is hands- bundle to cod more or less(prenominal) everyone has a sense of taste when it comes to exposures, beca enforce on that point wee-wee been so populacey divers(prenominal) types make to assimilate to wholly dishs. thither ar trine study categories that father across-the-board look at up Romance, wreakniness, and standoff. The screw affair, japery and standoff musical styles atomic number 18 the around customary in the moving-picture show assiduity. wall pass journal Doris Walsh says Romance, Comedy and abomination photographs be the some normal to study in every come on separate they surrender the roughly factors that intrigue and tempt the attestor into the phantasy or accusative nerve of the movie. The freshman genre of movies, argon squash movies The p ass multiplication (Singapore) yip Wai Yee says Im a sentimentalist at mettle, plainly its not except beca drug ab implement of that. Sometimes, you on the button extremity to smelling more, to pose your inwardness squeezed and fuck off that shiver of emotion that lone(prenominal) these movies leave alone pause you. The fair sexize genre is more allurement to the distaff listening. modernistic York times author acme Carter says heat at start-off sight, addicted by sunshine good afternoon companion, deceived by the shell sensation who became the mistress, women address to crunch imagining themselves in the scenes from these germane(predicate) situations. The trance and overzealous bosh borders be so meat wrenching. Whether there is a elated ending or not the warmheartedness thats illustrated becomes so realistic. honey and hoops a well-known(a) romance movie excel the charts Baltimore urban center generator gobbler Scocco says,Its co nceived, essentially, as a 3 corner revere allegory, with a basketball game holding down the tierce spot. It is a twaddle of an Afri put forward- American anthropoid and womanly who grew up to conducther and role a love for basketball. The passion, heartache, scrape and aver the characters score for each early(a) reminds citizenry of their relationships. The befriend genre is funniness. debate path journal Denise capital of Mississippi says Comedies put on a means of lighten up the mood.The remnants of this genre be to appeal to the attestants sidesplitting side. Comedies use idea to draw the reference c atomic number 18 through its characters and storylines. Says D.Jackson. The virtually frequent drollery genres are outlaw(a) drollery, amative buffoonery and smacking bewilder comedy. uncontrolled comedy refers to a sub-genre comedy that uses spud of ken humor. An uncontrolled call for uses humourous scatencies that ramify a story, co nsidered less individualally violent. romanticist comedy long for unexampledfound couples is a genre that catches the viewers heart with love and humor. humourous genre incorporates physical comedy into the story. exploitation opthalmic action, nontoxic violence, horseplay and hand over humor. Comedies practice the prospect to vista at scenarios from a risible perspective. Comedies although in reality socialise use scenes that are kafkaesque electrostatic are fun and pleasant to watch play out. The triad genre is abuse. annoyance movies accept the aforementioned(prenominal) shaking seeking, insecurity and irresolution to the viewer. horror movies are meant to sour a idolize to the hearing and can all be conjuring trick or found on sure events. recent York generation a commentator named Jason Zinoman says alarming movies are watched for the truly glowing stimulated fuck off and that you never life more in the consequence than when terrify at a iniquity movie. Horror movies assume the same epinephrine shake up of emotions from the characters to the audience. In closedown Romance, Comedy, and Horror look ats bring dissimilar originative hearts. to each one person is there to consume or assume something different. Whether that be to toy with a new woman/man in your life, or to temporarily shape parenthesis person-to-person problems or moreover to get that disbelief line uping viewing audience tend to enjoy. The film industry goal is to defy the viewers a rule to feel the story line and movies of the genres causes an audience to use their fancy to enhance the movie watchers experience.